![]() ![]() In contrast, in heterosexuals, penile-vaginal sex occurs in 95% of most recent sexual acts therefore, most sexual acts between heterosexuals in which gonorrhea transmission occurs will lead to symptomatic infections that prompt them to seek treatment ( 9, 10). Studies assessing the most recent sexual acts among MSM show that most have kissed (75%), practiced mutual masturbation (64%), or had oral sex (77%) ( 9) oro-anal sex (25%) and penile-anal sex (35%) are less common ( 9). ![]() Determining the key drivers of the reproductive rate for gonorrhea in MSM involves characterizing transmission between anatomic sites, which requires quantifying the site-specific sexual practices of MSM. This longer duration of infectiousness translates into a higher reproductive rate for gonorrhea in MSM compared with heterosexuals, independent of the number of sexual partners. This behavior creates a scenario in which men with pharyngeal or rectal gonorrhea often go untreated, even if they transmit an infection to the urethra of a sex partner. Most pharyngeal or rectal infections (58%) were not associated with urethral infection ( 7).Īn additional factor favoring the persistence of gonorrhea-infected sites in MSM is their lower rate of partner notification compared with heterosexuals ( 8). Almost all urethral infections were symptomatic (96%), but most pharyngeal and rectal infections were asymptomatic. In a Seattle clinic, the proportion of MSM with pharyngeal gonorrhea was 6.5%, rectal gonorrhea 9.7%, and urethral gonorrhea 5.5% ( 7). In MSM, 3 sites are commonly infected: pharynx, rectum, and urethra ( 7). About half of women are asymptomatic, and thus they take longer to seek healthcare than men ( 5, 6). Most heterosexual men with urethral infection become symptomatic and quickly seek healthcare (after a few days) ( 5). In heterosexuals, the primary sites of gonorrheal infection are the urethra in men and cervix in women ( 4). We suggest that specific sexual practices of MSM result in them having a high prevalence of asymptomatic infection in particular anatomic sites and that these infections are the primary drivers of transmission ( 3). However, reducing prevalence requires understanding why gonorrhea is so common in MSM. In response, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended reducing the prevalence of gonorrhea as a key strategy to mitigate against antimicriobial resistance ( 2). Gonorrhea is of particular concern because rising rates will increase the probability of antimicrobial drug resistance ( 2). The rates of sexually transmitted infections are rising rapidly in men who have sex with men (MSM) ( 1). ![]()
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![]() ![]() Every song on Karst Relict showcases a different side of Malist. ![]() If you’re concerned that I’m lobbing another hazy, ill-defined, non-heavy “atmospheric ‘black metal’” record at you, well, you can think again. ![]() Probably the most important thing to tell you about Karst Relict straightaway is that it’s very much a multifaceted album. So when I encountered Karst Relict, the third full-length in as many years from Malist, the solo project of one Ovfrost ( Bewailer), I was cautiously optimistic – they haven’t let this site down yet, and the album sounded, on paper, like exactly what I was looking for. Whether because of too much atmosphere, not enough variety, or just an altogether lack of menace or edge, atmospheric black metal of this particular vein was not all that good to me in 2020. Good enough albums, but neither really grabbed me the way I’ve been hoping for. Thinking back, my two most recent forays into its claws have been the most recent offerings by Old Growth and Winterfylleth. ![]() I’ve been craving new atmospheric music lately. Note: Wattmeter readings should be recorded for both pumps, assuming that both pumps have the same input power.Like distant thunder, the world of atmospheric black metal is simultaneously a comfort and a terror. G) Increase the speed until the pump is operating at 70 rev/sec and 80 rev/sec, and repeat steps (c) to (f) for each speed. (With the regulating valve fully closed, discharge will be zero.)Į) Repeat steps (c) and (d) by setting the bench regulating valve to 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% open.į) For each control valve position, measure the flow rate by either collecting a suitable volume of water (a minimum of 10 liters) in the measuring tank, or by using the rotameter. Record the input power for pump 1 from the wattmeter (Wi). Experiment 2: Characteristics of Two Pumps in SeriesĪ) Set up the hydraulics bench valves, as shown in Figure 10.9, to perform the two pumps in series test.ī) Start pumps 1 and 2, and increase the speed until the pumps are operating at 60 rev/sec.Ĭ) Turn the bench regulating valve to the fully closed position.ĭ) Record the pump 1 and 2 inlet pressure (P 1) and outlet pressure (P 2). The pressure within the fluid increases accordingly.Ĩ.2. The fluid’s kinetic energy increases due to the energy added by the impeller and enters the discharge end of the casing that has an expanding area (point 2 in Figure 10.1). The impeller rotates within its casing and sucks the fluid through the eye of the casing (point 1 in Figure 10.1). andĪ centrifugal pump consists of a rotating shaft that is connected to an impeller, which is usually comprised of curved blades.
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